In addition, the appearance of ANCA has been regularly reported in association with other infections such as bacterial endocarditis (anti-MPO by ELISA [17], and dual anti-MPO and PR3 by ELISA [18]), leprosy (determined by immunofluorescence only) [19], tuberculosis (mainly anti-PR3) [20], hepatitis C (anti-bactericidal/permeability increasing protein or Cathepsin G) [21], and parvovirus B19 (anti-MPO or PR3) [22]. Here, PRTN3 is linked to hepatitis C virus infection.