INS and Insulin resistance: In particular, FFAs have been shown to activate PKC θ (Figure 1(a)), which not onlyinterferes with insulin signaling (by inducing insulin resistance), but also isimplicated in promoting proatherogenic mechanisms, such as endothelialdysfunction, growth, migration, and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells,induction of adhesion molecules and oxidized low-density lipoprotein uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein by monocyte-derived macrophages [123].