IGF1R and Familial prostate cancer: IGF-1/IGF-1R activates a number of signalling pathways, including the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3-K) pathway, the protein kinase C pathway, the CREB pathway and the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway [11-14], but the relative contribution of these pathways in prostate cancer cell invasion is unknown.