CCL4 and infection: When placental histocultures were treated with BTSn, significant decreases only in IL-6 (p < 0.04), IL-8 (p < 0.05), MCP-1 (p < 0.01), GM-CSF (p < 0.05), MIP-1α (p < 0.05), and MIP-1β (p < 0.05) secretion were detected in histoculture supernatants collected at day 1 post-infection or coinfection (Figure 6).