TNF and cerebral cavernous malformation: Peripheral blood monocytes and LNMs grown in various CCM; 3 CCM (GM-CSF+IL-4+TNF-α) or 4 CCM (GM-CSF+IL-4+TNF-α+ IFN-α), expressed high levels of HLA class II proteins, CD86, consistent with their differentiation into activated DCs compared with DCs cultured with 2 CCM (GM-CSF + IL-4) or medium alone (Figure 1A, B and 1C).