TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: IL-6 and TNFα as well asIL-1 family cytokines and chemokines have been markedly elevated in synovialfluid and synovial membranes from patients with RA, but not in patients with OA [13–15].Moreover, in sera of RA patients spontaneous IL-1, -6, -8, -18, and TNFα production are significantly higher than in healthyindividuals and anti-TNFαtreatment decreases local and systemic expression of TLR2 and TLR4 receptors [16, 17].