Interestedly, of these 10 genes, three genes (MIF, BIRC5 and ATM) have been documented in NPC associated articles, and the rest genes (PTTG1, FOXO1A, TGFBR2, PRKAR1A, CCND2, KLF5, and PDCD4) have never reported or poorly understood in NPC before. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD4 and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.