Other studies have examined hyperplastic polyposis, where extensive methylation may underlie the condition (Minoo et al, 2006), and neoplasia-free, adenoma, hyperplastic polyp and cancer patients, where ESR1 and MLH1 methylation were generally higher in subjects with neoplasia, and were negatively associated with vitamin B-12 status (Al-Ghnaniem et al, 2007). Here, ESR1 is linked to cancer.