These results imply that intestinal inflammation is driven in part by effector site-derived (PP and LP) CXCR3+ TNF-α+ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells along with similar cells from PP that produce CXCR3 ligands as well as MLN (inductive site) IFN-γ+ T cells to presumably support Th1-biased colitis. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is colitis.