IRF3 and Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome: Similarly, the surface glycoproteins of hantaviruses, in particular the ones associated with hemorrhagic pulmonary syndrome (HPS), have been shown to affect IRF-3 activation and IFN production, via interaction with RIG-I and TBK-1, a kinase responsible for viral-induced IRF-3 phosphorylation, as well as to inhibit IFN-mediated cellular responses [45],[46].