These include associations with demographic, genetic, anthropometric, and environmental factors, transfusion and chelation parameters, thalassemia-related endocrinopathies and co-morbidities, markers of bone turnover, serum IGF1 and IGFBP3 concentrations, serum chemistry including Ca and P, and 25 vit D concentrations. This evidence concerns the gene IGFBP3 and thalassemia.