ACHE and malaria: Insecticide target site alteration conferred by the kdr gene and metabolic resistance due to amplification of oxidative detoxifying enzymes (acetylcholinesterases or glutathione-s-transferases) and co-factors, e.g. cytochrome P450 [17,23,24], have been widely reported in An. gambiae s.l. due to selection pressure as a result of extensive use of pyrethroid insecticides for malaria control and pest control in Agriculture [9-13,23].