CCL5 and infection: Several were up-regulated upon infection e.g., IL-8, CXCL2, CXCL3 or NFIL3. On the other hand, we noted that the mRNA expression levels of different chemokines and their ligands, i.e., CCR2, CCL5, CCL17, CXCL9, CXCL10, CCL4L2 or CKLFSF3, were drastically inhibited upon infection.