In the experiments,dietary administration of PPARα or γ ligands effectively suppressed azoxymethane (AOM)-inducedor dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)/AOM-induced aberrant crypt foci, which areprecursor lesions for colon carcinoma (Table 1).Our findings suggested that synthetic PPARγ and PPARα ligands are able to inhibitthe early stages of colon tumorigenesis with or without colitis, and thefindings were confirmed by the study conducted by Osawa et al. [78]. Here, PPARA is linked to colitis.