Although the precise relationship between PSA and prostate growth may vary from one individual to another (23,28), analysis of the data from PLESS showed that PSA thresholds for detecting a PV ≥ 30 ml were ≥ 1.3 ng/ml, ≥ 1.5 ng/ml and ≥ 1.7 ng/ml in men with BPH aged 50–59, 60–69 and 70–79 years, respectively (18). The gene discussed is KLK3; the disease is benign prostatic hyperplasia.