Therefore, differences in the assay and the molecular forms of IGFBP-3 measurement may explain, to some extent, the inconsistency between the study of Rinaldi and colleagues [15] and the present study and the heterogeneity between studies evaluating total IGFBP-3 levels with the risk of breast cancer or its associated risk factors [3-13]. This evidence concerns the gene IGFBP3 and breast cancer.