In thiscontext, 15d-PGJ2 treatment wasfound to dose-dependently increase the VEGF mRNA expression in both humanandrogen-independent PC-3 prostate and 5637 urinary bladder carcinoma cells [68].In addition, 15d-PGJ2 resulted in upregulation of VEGF expression through theinduction of heme oxygenase (OH)-1 ERK1/2 phosphorylation in human breastcancer MCF-7 cells, thus contributing to increased angiogenesis in this type oftumor cells [69]. This evidence concerns the gene VEGFA and urinary bladder carcinoma.