TGFB1I1, TGFB2, TGFB3, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, IGF1, IGFBP3, IGFBP4, IGFBP7 HDGF, PDGFC, PDGFRA, PDGFRB, HIF1A, EDNRA, CTGF, LEPR, and as previously reported, FAP and ADAM12, were all over-expressed in AF-set B compared with AF-set A. Genes involved in the initiation of translation were also differentially expressed in AF-set B compared with AF-set A. This evidence concerns the gene LEPR and atrial fibrillation.