When a multivariate model was applied, adjusting for age and including both cultured CS and TRAP responses, the association between TRAP responses and protection became stronger (p = 0.068 for Cox survival, p = 0.028 for logistic regression), whilst multivariate analysis showed a significant association between increased CD4+ CD25high population and increased malaria risk (p = 0.039). Here, CD4 is linked to malaria.