Results showed that poly(IC), poly(IC)+IFN-γ, and NS1 are the most important factors in the induction of either COX-2 (Fig. 2A) or IL-32 (Fig. 2B) promoter activities, which means dsRNA and NS1 are the key viral components involved in IV-triggered COX-2 and IL-32 expression during viral infection. Here, IL32 is linked to viral infectious disease.