NAMPT and Sepsis: Interestingly, visfatin was formerly identified as a pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor (PBEF) [31], a growth factor for early B cells, which has been linked to a diverse variety of cellular processes, with studies demonstrating PBEF to (a) act as a biomarker of acute lung injury [32, 33], (b) be up-regulated in infected foetal membranes [34], (c) inhibit neutrophil apoptosis in experimental inflammation and clinical sepsis [12] and (d) participate in the maturation of vascular smooth muscle cells through a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent mechanism [35].