A pronounced increase in atrogin-1 and MuRF1 mRNA levels in skeletal muscle as observed in septic rats in the present study is similar to results in previous reports in which the expression of the ubiquitin ligases was upregulated in various catabolic conditions, including sepsis, denervation, starvation, and burn injury [10–12, 53]. This evidence concerns the gene FBXO32 and Sepsis.