To this end, we investigated whether C-peptide could counteractadverse effects precipitated by the administration of TNF-α to OK proximal tubular cells [48].TNF-α is recognised as a major player in the development of diabeticnephropathy and may contribute to tubular cell apoptosis and tubular atrophyprominently observed in diabetic nephropathy [51–55]. Here, TNF is linked to diabetic kidney disease.