Besides, other candidate cancer genes have been very recently related to cancer in the literature (e.g., mst1r, involved in breast cancer [50]) or are known to be involved in pathways implicated in cancer (e.g. srf is a nuclear repressor of Smad3-mediated TGF-beta signaling [51], which induces apoptosis in numerous cell types). Here, SMAD3 is linked to cancer.