VCAM1 and breast carcinoma: Several lines of evidence have implicated these genes individually in breast cancer, for example: increased plasma levels of VCAM1 is associated with advanced breast cancer [28]; genetic variation in TNFRSF1B may predict the late onset of breast carcinoma, and relapse and death for patients with breast carcinoma [29]; finally, the breast cancer cell line exhibiting the highest in vitro invasiveness also expressed the highest amount of CTSL1 splice variant L-A3 [30].