It is also a long-standing clinicalobservation that compared with type 1 diabetes patients in whom beta-cellsecretion ceases totally, those patients who retain a low-endogenous C-peptideand insulin secretion are less prone to develop microvascular long-termcomplications involving the kidneys, the eyes, or the nervous system [33–35]. This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus.