CDKN1A and HIV-1 infection: However, exploring whether there are novel small chemical molecules or small peptides that can reactivate important cell signaling pathways (i.e., p53 and/or p21/waf1) that are normally inactivated in HIV-1 infected cells may help to identify important mechanisms that play key roles in HIV-1 infection and provide a new set of preventive and/or therapeutic drug-targets.