Infection of Swiss 3T3 cells with E2348/69 expressing EspM1 (B171) (Fig. 2), EspM1 (Sakai) and TrcA (data not shown) resulted in simultaneous formation of actin pedestals and localized parallel stress fibres (LP-SF), which were subtly different from those triggered by EspM2 as they were confined to the site of bacterial adhesion (Fig. 2). The gene discussed is TRAC; the disease is infection.