These results suggest that: short-term hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia influence the expression of several inflammatory genes in an opposite direction; the acute effect of hyperinsulinaemia may be more powerful compared with hyperglycaemia in vivo on inflammatory mRNA levels; and that the effects of insulin, in particular, may be relevant in the concurrent presence of hyperglycaemia. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is Hyperglycemia.