The cardiomyopathic phenotype isrelatively mild in unchallenged MHC-PPARα mice, but when the transgenic mice weregiven a high-fat diet, the cardiomyopathic phenotype was strikingly exacerbated;and mice exhibited clinical signs of heart failure, including depressedfractional shortening and ventricular chamber dilatation [12]. This evidence concerns the gene PPARA and heart failure.