Acute i3vt GM-CSF treatment restored the hypothalamic expression of OX to normal levels in Stat5fl/fl; Nestin-Cre mice, however, suggesting that STAT5 mediates GM-CSF-induced anorexia by OX-independent mechanisms, and that GM-CSF can regulate OX mRNA expression independently of STAT5. This evidence concerns the gene NES and Anorexia.