Subsequently, several laboratories have independently examined the expression of caveolin-1 (Horiguchi et al, 2004; Joo et al, 2004; Phuoc et al, 2007) or activated AKT/mTOR/S6 (Lin et al, 2006; Pantuck et al, 2007; Robb et al, 2007) in RCC. This evidence concerns the gene CAV1 and renal cell carcinoma.