CP and cancer: Although copper deficiency does not seem to directly affect the synthesis or secretion of Cp from the liver, the resulting apoprotein has a shorter half-life than that of the holo-Cp, and serum Cp measurements have been used to follow copper depletion: and pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) in clinical trials evaluating TM in cancer patients (Brewer et al, 2000; Redman et al, 2003; Lowndes and Harris, 2004; Goodman et al, 2005).