TRPV1 is expressed throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in myenteric ganglia, muscular layers and mucosa.10 Our previous studies have shown changes of TRPV1 in upper and lower GI disorders: in inflammatory bowel disease, we reported greatly increased TRPV1 immunoreactivity in biopsies taken from patients with active painful Crohn’s disease compared with controls (Yiangou et al10). The gene discussed is TRPV1; the disease is inflammatory bowel disease.