The expression of seven of the twelve genes was significantly different when comparing the non muscle invasive tumors without concomitant CIS to both the tumor with concomitant CIS and to the muscle invasive tumors (t-test, ATF2, p-value = 1.2E-4; CREBBP, p-value = 1.2E-2; MEF2A, p-value = 1.7E-4; MEF2C, p-value = 1.7E-3; ATF1, p-value = 2.6E-2; STAT1, p-value = 1.3E-4; STAT3, p-value = 1.2E-2). The gene discussed is STAT3; the disease is in situ carcinoma.