IGF1R and cancer: Goel et al (2004) reported that interactions between the IGF-1R and β1 integrins also activated signalling through both the PI3 kinase and MAP kinase pathways, which resulted in enhanced prostate tumour cell migration on and invasion through the extracellular matrix (Goel et al, 2004). Although tumour angiogenesis has been associated with increased expression of β1 integrins and increased signalling through the PI3K pathway (Stupack and Cheresh, 2002), the direct effect of IGF-1R-integrin β1 interactions on vessel growth in cancers has not been studied.