In conclusion, the findings presented in this study suggest that the microenvironment of SV enhances the progression of prostate cancer through a stimulated invasive potential, and that enhanced uPA production in prostate cancer cells induced by TGF-β1, which is abundantly present in seminal plasma, could therefore be one of the most important mechanisms involved in the progression of prostate cancer following SV invasion. The gene discussed is PLAU; the disease is prostate carcinoma.