ESR1 and breast carcinoma: Previous studies have demonstrated that extracts and some constituents of rhizomes of C. racemosa, the same genus as C. dahurica, possess cytotoxic activity against estrogen receptor positive (MCF-7) and estrogen receptor negative (MDA-MB231 and MDA-MB-453) human breast carcinoma cell lines by induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis; furthermore, glycosidic fraction could induce G0/G1cell cycle arrest when tested at 30 μg/ml and G2/M arrest when tested at 60 μg/ml in MCF7 cells [15,24].