CXCR3 and neoplasm: Our recent studies in murine brain tumor models have demonstrated that type-1 T-cell response is particularly favorable for anti-brain tumor immunotherapy owing to high level surface expression on Tc1 cells of a type-1 chemokine receptor CXCR3 [31] and an integrin, very late antigen-4 [32], both of which mediate critical roles in efficient trafficking of anti-tumor T-cells to the brain tumor site.