TNF and Huntington disease: Moreover, immune cells are thought to play important roles both in HD-induced skin inflammation and in postexposure wound healing through the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (such as Il-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and GM-CSF) within the first hour after exposure and proceeding through vesication and blister formation.64 Leukocyte infiltration always starts shortly after HD treatment in mice, rabbits, or guinea pigs.