IL4 and systemic sclerosis: This local inflammatory response would be self limiting without the transition to the adoptive immunity with activation of T cells that sustain a chronic inflammatory state and stimulate fibrosis by directly interacting with fibroblasts and producing fibrogenic mediators, such as interleukin (IL)4, IL13 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1.1 Focusing on the interplays between endothelial cells and lymphocytes may be crucial to unravel the early events occurring in SSc pathogenesis.