TLR4 and infection: As expected, induction of apoptosis by wild-type Yptb activates apoptotic caspases-3 and −8 [9,16], a caspase-3 inhibitor correspondingly inhibits DNA damage, and also as shown previously [6,7], TLR4 signaling facilitates apoptosis during wild-type Yptb infection of naïve macrophages (Figure S1E–S1G).