Interestingly, by using an antibody against total eIF2α we showed that eIF2α protein expression levels increased at 24 h post-infection and remained elevated up to 72 h compared to mock-infected cells (Fig. 2A), while thapsigargin (TG, our ER stress positive control) treatment alone did not modify total eIF2α protein levels (data not shown). This evidence concerns the gene EIF2A and infection.