Jaffee et al(1998) showed in preclinical studies with murine tumour models that tumour cell vaccines engineered to secrete GM-CSF in a paracrine fashion elicit systemic immune responses capable of eliminating small amounts of established pancreatic tumour. Safety and anti-tumour immunity of this approach was recently demonstrated in a phase I and a phase II trial (Jaffee et al, 2001; Laheru et al, 2005). The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is neoplasm.