PIK3R1 and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma): Melanocyte survival (RB1), proliferation of neuronal progenitor cells (ATM, VEGF), heparin binding (PRNP, TNC, VEGF), dopamine formation (TH), drug resistance (ABCC1), quantity of tumor cell lines (LIF, PIK3R1, RB1, TIMP3, VEGF), transformation (FOXO3A), malignancy of astrocytoma (TNC), tumor vascularization (PTEGS, VEGF), growth of sarcoma cell lines (TIMP3), tissue proliferation (GRP, KRIT1, RB1, RBL2)