This may well influence subsequent presentation to, and activation of CD4+ T cells, impacting on those CD4+ T cell responses to antigens shared between liver and blood stages of Plasmodium. A detailed analysis of the cytokine profiles of CD4+ T cells specific for parasite antigens expressed at both liver and blood stages, such as MSP-1 [26], which are activated after mosquito-transmitted infections and blood stage infections would address this. The gene discussed is CD4; the disease is infection.