IGF1 and familial pancreatic carcinoma: In vitro studies have demonstrated that IGF-I and IGF-II are potent mitogens for cultured human pancreatic cancer cells (Ohmura et al, 1990; Bergmann et al, 1995; Stoeltzing et al, 2003; Zeng et al, 2003) and that IGF binding proteins can have opposing actions, in part by binding IGF-I and IGF-II (Rechler, 1997), but also by direct inhibitory effects on target cells (Rajah et al, 1997).