Diabetes in WT mice increased phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase by over 90% (Figure 7), but, in contrast, diabetes had no significant effect on the phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase in the retina of MnSOD-Tg mice; the expression of p-p38 MAP kinase was similar in the retina obtained from MnSOD-Tg diabetic, non diabetic and WT-non diabetic mice (Figure 7). Here, MAPK14 is linked to diabetes mellitus.