CSF-1 regulatesgrowth, differentiation, and functions of macrophages, is readilydetectable in the peripheral blood in the steady state, and isfurther induced in vivo after infection (Cheers and Stanley[20]) or challenge with LPS (Roth et al [21]).Furthermore, CSF-1 treatment in vivo increased levels ofLPS-induced TNF-α and IL-6 (Chapoval et al [22]). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and infection.