CTCF and neoplasm: Elevated expression of Rta downregulated the transcription of several tumour suppressor or pro-apoptotic genes [transforming growth factor β-induced transcript (TGFbli) 4, myeloid differentiation primary response gene (Myd) l18, IκBα, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) β, Kruppel-like factor (Klf) 4, CCCTC-binding factor (Ctcf) and Nur77] as well as members of the transforming growth factor (TGF) β signalling pathway [integrin α V (CD51), Myd118, TGFbli4 and dual specificity phosphatase (Dusp) l] mutations in which are associated with human malignancies.